LESSON 24
AORIST ACTIVE/MIDDLE PARTICIPLE

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Lexical Study

1. First Aorist Active Participle
   1. There is no augment ε because the time is dependent upon the main verb of the sentence.
   2. The first aorist active participle has the first aorist σα- tense suffix added to the stem.

      First Aorist Active Participle of λύω

      	Singular			Plural
      	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
      NOM	λύσας	λύσασα	λῦσαν	λύσαντες	λύσασαι	λύσαντα
      GEN	λύσαντος	λυσάσης	λύσαντος	λυσάντων	λυσασῶν	λυσάντων
      DAT	λύσαντι	λυσάσῃ	λύσαντι	λύσασι (ν)	λυσάσαις	λύσασι (ν)
      ACC	λύσαντα	λύσασαν	λῦσαν	λύσαντας	λυσάσας	λύσαντα
      VOC	λύσας	λύσασα	λῦσαν	λύσαντες	λύσασαι	λύσαντα

2. First Aorist Middle Participle
   1. There is no augment added to the beginning of the participle
   2. The passive is different from the middle
   3. The aorist stem is followed by the middle participle suffix -μεν-
   4. The 2nd declension endings are added to the masculine and neuter
   5. The 1st declension endings are added to the feminine
   6. The First Aorist Middle Participle looks like the present middle participle except for the suffix -μεν- added after -σα-
   7. Thus: stem+σα+μεν+regular noun endings

      First Aorist Middle Participle of λύω

      	Singular			Plural
      	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
      NOM	λυσάμενος	λυσαμένη	λυσάμενον	λυσάμενοι	λυσάμεναι	λυσάμενα
      GEN	λυσαμένου	λυσαμένης	λυσαμένου	λυσαμένων	λυσαμένων	λυσαμένων
      DAT	λυσαμένω	λυσαμένῃ	λυσαμένῳ	λυσαμένοις	λυσαμέναις	λυσαμένοις
      ACC	λυσάμενον	λυσαμένην	λυσαμένῳ	λυσαμένους	λυσαμένας	λυσάμενα
      VOC	λυσάμενος	λυσαμένη	λυσάμενον	λυσάμενοι	λυσάμεναι	λυσάμενα

3. Second Aorist Active Participle
   1. There is no augment
   2. The second aorist participle is built on the second aorist stem
   3. The endings are just like the present active participle
   4. The primary difference between the 2nd Aorist Active participle and the Present active participle is the use of the 2nd Aorist stem

      Second Aorist Active Participle of λείπω

      	Singular			Plural
      	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
      NOM	λιπών	λιποῦσα	λιπόν	λιπόντες	λιποῦσαι	λιπόντα
      GEN	λιπόντος	λιπούσης	λιπόντος	λιπόντων	λιπουσῶν	λιπόντων
      DAT	λιπόντι	λιπούσῃ	λιπόντι	λιποῦσι (ν)	λιπούσαις	λιποῦσι (ν)
      ACC	λιπόντα	λιποῦσαν	λιπόν	λιπόντας	λιπούσας	λιπόντα
      VOC	λιπών	λιποῦσα	λιπόν	λιπόντες	λιποῦσαι	λιπόντα

4. Second Aorist Middle Participle
   1. There is no augment
   2. The second aorist participle is built on the second aorist stem
   3. The endings are just like the present middle participle
   4. The primary difference between the 2nd Aorist Middle participle and the Present Middle participle is the use of the 2nd Aorist stem

      Second Aorist Middle Participle of λείπω

      	Singular			Plural
      	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
      NOM	λιπόμενος	λιπομένη	λιπόμενον	λιπόμενοι	λιπόμεναι	λιπόμενα
      GEN	λιπομένου	λιπομένης	λιπομένου	λιπομένων	λιπομένων	λιπομένων
      DAT	λιπομένῳ	λιπομένῃ	λιπομένῳ	λιπομένοις	λιπομέναις	λιπομένοις
      ACC	λιπόμενον	λιπομένην	λιπόμενον	λιπομένους	λιπομένας	λιπόμενα
      VOC	λιπών	λιποῦσα	λιπόν	λιπόμενοι	λιπόμεναι	λιπόμενα

5. The kind of action in the aorist participle is punctiliar, i.e., finished action.
6. Predicate position
   1. There is no article "the" in front of the participle.
   2. The time of action is before the action of the main verb.
   3. The time of the aorist participle happens first, then it is followed by the time of the main verb.
   4. As pointed out in the last lesson, you can use one of three English expressions to indicate that the participle time took place before the time of the action of the main verb.
   5. Thus λύσας can be translated
      1. having loosed
      2. when he had loosed
      3. after he had loosed or after he loosed
   6. Example
      1. ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰπὼν ταῦτα βλέπει τὸν κύριον.
      2. The man, having said these things, is seeing the Lord.
      3. Possible: After he said these things, the man sees the Lord.
         1. There is a slight problem with this one because of who is speaking.
         2. Does "he" refer to the "man" or to the "Lord"?
         3. The participle says it should be the "man"; but in the English translation the identity is not clear.
      4. Better: After the man said these things, he sees the Lord.
   7. Example
      1. εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου.
      2. Having said these things, he went out of the house.
      3. or After he said these things, he went out of the house.
7. In the attributive position, the aorist participle is to be translated with a relative pronoun.
   1. ὁ λύσας
   2. the one who loosed or he who loosed.
   3. ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον.
   4. The man who said these things went into the house.
   5. ὁ εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον.
   6. The man who had said these things went into the house.

Translate the following:

1. ἐξελθὼν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου ταῦτα εἶπεν.
2. πισταί εἰσιν αἱ δεξάμεναι τοὺς ἀποστόλους τοὺς διωκομένους.
3. ὁ μὴ ἰδὼν τὸν κύριον οὐκ ἐπίστευσεν εἰς αὐτόν.
4. ἔτι ὢν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ὁ κύριος εἶπε ταῦτα τοῖς ἐξελθοῦσιν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου καὶ πορευομένοις μετʼ αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν.
5. πονηροὶ ἦσαν οἱ ἄγγελοι οἱ πεσόντες ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.
6. κηρύσσομεν περὶ τοῦ σώσαντος ἡμᾶς καὶ καθαρίσαντος ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν.
7. συναγαγόντες οἱ μαθηταὶ ἐδόξασαν τὸ ὄναμα τοῦ θεοῦ.
8. τὰ τέκνα τὰ λαβόντα ταῦτα ἀπὸ τῶν ἀκουσάντων τοῦ χριστοῦ εἶδεν αὐτὸν ἔτι ὄντα ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
9. οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ κηρύξαντες τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς ἀγάπης, ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνοί εἰσιν οἱ διώξαντες τοὺς πιστεύοντας αὐτό.
10. δεξάμενοι ἄρτον ἀπὸ τοῦ μεσσίου οἱ ὄχλοι ἀπῆλθον εἰς τὴν πόλιν.
11. ἀκούσαντες τῶν λεγομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀποστόλου τοῦ χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν καὶ ἔλαβον τὴν χάριν αὐτοῦ.