LESSON 23
PRESENT PARTICIPLE

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Lexical Study

1. A participle is a verbal adjective with these charactristics:
   1. As a verb, the participle
      1. has tense (Present, Aorist, Future, Perfect, but not Imperfect)
      2. has voice (Active, Middle, Passive)
      3. may take an object
      4. may be an adverbial modifier (i.e., can modify a verb)
      5. does not have person (i.e., 1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person)
   2. As an adjective, the participle
      1. has case, gender, and number
      2. may be used substantively (i.e., like a noun)
      3. may be used as an adjective modifier
      4. can be found in the attributive position (with an article "the")
      5. can be found in the predicate position (without an article).

Present Active Participles

1. They are verbal adjectives.
2. They are made from the stem of a verb with noun endings.
3. In the masculine and neuter forms, they have third declension endings.
4. In the feminine, they have first declension endings

Present Middle & Passive Participles of λύω

1. In the Present middle/passive participles,
   1. the ending -ομεν- is added to the stem,
   2. then the second declension noun endings are added to the masculine and neuter
   3. first declension noun endings are added to the feminine.

1. The time of action of a participle is in relation to the action of the main verb.
   1. If the participle is aorist,
      1. then the time of the participle is before the time of the main verb.
      2. the verb action follows the participle action
      3. Translate it as "After going to town, I ate my lunch."
      4. First was the participle action of "going" then the action ("I ate") of the main verb.
   2. If the participle is present,
      1. then the time of the participle is at the same time as the main verb.
      2. Translaate it as "While going to town, I ate my lunch"
      3. The participle action of "going" takes place at the same time as "I ate" of the main verb
   3. If the participle is future,
      1. then the time of the participle is after the time of the main verb.
      2. Opposite to the aorist participle
      3. Translate it "Before going to town, I ate my lunch"
      4. The participle action of "going" takes place after the "I ate" of the main verb.
   4. If the participle is perfect, then it indicates action which has come to be a state of being.
2. Predicate position of a participle
   1. Identified as a participle without an article in front of it (i.e., no "the" in front of the participle).
   2. Present participle in predicate position:
      1. Example
         1. λέγων ταῦτα ὁ ἄνθρωπος βλέπει τὸν κύριον.
         2. While saying these things, the man sees the lord.
         3. Notice that the participle λέγων agrees with ἀπόστολος (both are Nominative masculine singular)
      2. Example
         1. διδασκόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου ὁ ἄνθρωπος λαμβάνει τὴν ἀλήθειαν.
         2. While being taught by the Lord, the man receives the truth.
      3. Example
         1. ἐρχόμενοι ἐκήρυσσον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον.
         2. While they were going, they were preaching the gospel.
      4. Example
         1. βλέπομεν τὸν ἀπόστολον λέγοντα ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.
         2. We see the apostle saying these things in the temple.
         3. Notice that the participle λέγοντα is in the same case as ἀπόστολον (both are Accusative Masculine Singular)
      5. Example
         1. προσερχόμεθα τῷ ἀποστόλῳ λέγοντι ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.
         2. We come to the apostle while he is saying these things in the temple.
         3. Notice that the participle λέγοντι is in the Dative case just as ἀποστόλῳ is.
      6. Example
         1. διδασκομένῳ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀποστόλου προσέρχονται αὐτῷ οἱ δοῦλοι.
         2. While he is being taught by the apostle, the slaves are coming to him.
         3. Notice that the participle διδασκομένῳ is Dative singular.
         4. Therefore its antecedent cannot be the "slaves."
         5. Thus you would not translate it while they are being taught by the apostle, the slaves are coming to him.
         6. The only other word in the Dative case is αὐτῷ.
         7. So the participle has to refer to this Dative word.
         8. Admittedly the participle could be in the middle voice, but the preposition, ὑπὸ, is the clue that it has to be passive and that the apostle is the agent doing the teaching.
      7. Example
         1. διδασκομένῳ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀποστόλου προσῆλθον αὐτῷ οἱ δοῦλοι.
         2. While he was being taught by the apostle, the slaves came to him.
         3. Notice that the participle is present tense, but the main verb προσῆλθον is aorist (past).
         4. When we translate the sentence, the time of the participle is the same as the main verb.
         5. Thus the "teaching" occurs at the same time as the "coming of the slaves."
      8. Example
         1. πορευομένῳ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ προσῆλθον αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ.
         2. While he was going in the way, his disciples came to him.
         3. Notice that the participle πορευομένῳ is from the deponent verb πορεύομαι.
         4. Although the participle has a passive form, it is active in meaning.
         5. Thus this example is the same as the previous example.
         6. The time of the participle occurs at the same time as the main verb.
      9. Example
         1. πορευόμενος ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ εἶδεν τυφλόν.
         2. While he was going in the way, he saw a blind man.
         3. Notice that the participle agrees with the unexpressed subject of the verb.
      10. Example
          1. λέγων ταῦτα εἶδεν τυφλόν.
          2. While he was saying these things, he saw a blind man.
          3. Notice that the subject of the participle is "he."
          4. It is the same as the subject of the verb.
          5. In other words "he says" something and "he also sees" someone.
      11. Example
          1. λέγοντες ταῦτα εἴδετε τυφλόν.
          2. While you were saying these things, you saw a blind man.
          3. Notice that since the subject of the verb is "you," the subject of the participle is also "you."
3. The Attributive Participle
   1. The participle acts like an adjective.
      1. When an adjective is in the attributive position (meaning that there is an article "the" immediately in front of the adjective) it is to be translated as a direct modifier as in the following example:
      2. ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἀπόστολος = the good apostle
   2. In the same way, the participle can be in the attributive position:
      1. Example
         1. ὁ λέγων ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ ἀπόστολος...
         2. The saying-these-things-in-the-temple apostle...
         3. In English, the expression "saying-these-things-in-the-temple" is somewhat awkward.
         4. Often we can translate it better by using a relative pronoun (who/which) and then turn the participle into a verb.
         5. Thus this sentence could be translated: the apostle who is saying these things
   3. You will remember that adjectives can also be worded with two articles:
      1. ὁ ἀγαθὸς ὁ ἀπόστολος = the good apostle
      2. ὁ ἀπόστολος ὁ ἀγαθὸς = the good apostle
   4. In a similar way, there can be an article in front of both the noun and the participle.
   5. The most usual form is the article, noun, article, participle.
      1. ὁ ἀπόστολος ὁ λέγων ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.
      2. the apostle who is saying these things in the temple.
4. The Substantive use of the Participle
   1. In a previous lesson we learned that sometimes an adjective by itself contains a noun within it.
      1. ὁ ἀγαθός = the good man (even though the word ἄνθρωπος is not there)
      2. οἱ ἀγαθόι = the good men
      3. ἡ ἀγαθή = the good woman
      4. αἱ ἀγαθάι = the good women
      5. τὸ ἀγαθόν = the good thing
      6. τὰ ἀγαθά = the good things
   2. In a similar way, a participle can stand alone.
   3. Example
      1. ὁ λέγων ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ ...
      2. the saying-these-things-in-the-temple man
      3. Notice that there is no word for "man" in the Greek sentence.
      4. It might better be translated: the man who is saying these things in the temple.
   4. Example
      1. εἶδον τὸν λέγοντα ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.
      2. I saw the man/one who was saying these things in the temple.
      3. Notice that the present participle λέγοντα is translated as though it were past time because the main verb εἶδον is in the past tense (i.e., Aorist).
   5. Example
      1. εἶδον τοὺς λέγοντας ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.
      2. I saw those who were saying these things in the temple.
   6. Example
      1. ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῆς λεγούσης ταῦτα δοῦλός ἐστιν.
      2. The brother of the woman who is saying these things is a servant.
   7. Example
      1. ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν ἐγείροντα τοὺς νεκροὺς σώζεται.
      2. The one who believes on the one who raises the dead is being saved.
   8. Example
      1. τὸ σῶζον τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν.
      2. The thing that saves men is the will of God.
      3. or That which saves men is the will of God.
   9. Example
      1. τὰ βλεπόμενα οὐ μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.
      2. The things that are seen do not remain forever.

Translate the following:

1. ὁ δεχόμενος σὲ δέχεται καὶ τὸν κύριον.
2. ταῦτα εἶπον τοῖς εἰσερχομένοις εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν.
3. εἰσερχόμενος εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἔλεγε τὴν παραβολὴν ὑμῖν.
4. αἱ ἐκκλησίαι αἱ λυόμεναι ὑπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ ἄρχοντος δοξάζονται ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου.
5. οἱ λαμβάνοντες τὴν χάριν τοῦ θεοῦ σώζονται.
6. ἀναγινώσκομεν τὰ γραφόμενα ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς.
7. τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ σῶζον ὑμᾶς καὶ καθαρίζον ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ὑμῶν.
8. τὸ φῶς τοῦ θεοῦ φαίνει ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
9. ὁ λέγων ὅτι ἔχει κοινωνίαν μετὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀλλὰ μένει ἐν τῷ σκότει ἁμαρτίας ἐστὶ ψεύστης.
10. Ἰησοῦς Χριστός ἐστιν ὁ δίκαιος παράκλητος ἡμῶν.
11. ὁ θεὸς φῶς ἐστιν καὶ σκοτία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν.
12. ἦσαν ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τῷ λυομένῳ.
13. ἐν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀπόστολος εἶδε τὰς χεῖρας τοῦ κυρίου μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν.
14. οἱ ὄντες υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ὀφείλουσι μένειν ἐν τῷ λόγῳ αὐτοῦ.
15. εἴδομεν τὸν ἀπόστολον ὄντα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ.