- Bacon, Francis
- (1561-1626)
Francis Bacon
- the father of modern science
- his mother was a Calvinist
- wrote Novum Organum
- His method was to gather facts and then draw theories from them (Inductive Method)
- He was not a great scientist, but his writings helped scientific progress
- His book The New Atlantis was a political fable, but in it he describes many later inventions (does that make him a science fiction writer?)
- He was a lawyer and then a judge
- He was accused of taking bribes in 1621 (but all judges did so in that day) and confessed to some of the charges
- Because King James I liked him, the fine of 40,000 pounds was erased
- See entries in
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bacon, Leonard
- (1802-1881)
Leonard Bacon
- US Congregational preacher
- against slavery
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bacon, Roger
- (c1214-1294)
Roger Bacon
- Studied mathematics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, and languages
- the first European to describe in detail the process of making gunpowder, and he proposed flying machines and motorized ships and carriages
- Bacon (as he himself complacently remarked) displayed a prodigious energy and zeal in the pursuit of experimental science; indeed, his studies were talked about everywhere and eventually won him a place in popular literature as a kind of wonder worker
- Bacon therefore represents a historically precocious expression of the empirical spirit of experimental science, even though his actual practice of it seems to have been exaggerated
- See entries in
- Baillie, Donald Macpherson
- (1887-1954)
Donald Macpherson Baillie
- Scottish Presbyterian pastor and theologian
- taught at St Andrews
- Post-Liberal
- ecumenical leader
- wrote God was in Christ
- his older brother was John
- See entry in The Baillie Report
- Baillie, John
- (1886-1960)
- Scottish theologian
- taught at Auburn and Union (NY), Emmanuel College (Toronto), and University of Edinburgh
- Post-Liberal
- wrote
- The Interpretation of Religion
- The Sense of the Presence of God
- A Diary of Private Prayer
- Our Knowledge of God
- Invitation to Pilgrimage
- His brother was Donald
- See entry in The Baillie Report
- Balmer, Randall H.
-
Randall H. Balmer
- Wrote thesis on nineteenth-century Princeton theology.
- Wrote
- Blessed Assurance : A History of Evangelicalism in America
- Protestantism in America
- Thy Kingdom Come - The Religious Right
- See entry at Yorktown University
- Barclay, William
- (1907-1978)
- Scottish pastor
- taught at University of Glasgow
- Universalist
- wrote Daily Study Bible
- See entry in Christian Courier
- Baring-Gould, Sabine
- (1834-1924)
Sabine Baring-Gould
- Anglican preacher
- wrote hymn "Onward, Christian Soldiers"
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Barnes, Albert
- (1798-1870)
Albert Barnes
- US Presbyterian wrote commentaries on OT and NT
- He was an Amillennialist
- graduated at Hamilton College, Princeton Theological Seminary
- ordained as a Presbyterian minister by the presbytery of Elizabethtown, New Jersey
- held to freewill and tried but not convicted for his lack of holding Calvinism in 1836
- See entries in
- Barnhouse, Donald Grey
- (1895-1960)
Donald Grey Barnhouse
- US Presbyterian pastor for 33 years in one church
- founder of Eternity magazine
- wrote several books including commentary on Romans
- Baron d'Holbach, Paul Henri Thiry
- See Paul Holbach
- Barrow, Isaac
- (1630-1677)
Isaac Barrow
- Anglican pastor and mathematics scholar
- preached long sermons.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Barth, Karl
- (1886-1968)
Karl Barth
- Swiss theologian
- professor at Munster, Bonn, Basel
- founder of neo-orthodoxy
- wrote
- Dogmatics in Outline
- The Epistle to the Romans
- Die Kirchliche Dogmatik
- The Knowledge of God and the Service of God
- From Rousseau to Ritschl
- A Shorter Commentary on Romans
- Theologische Fragen und Antworten
- The Word of God and the Word of Man
- Ousted from Germany for opposing Hitler
- taught absolute transcendence of God
- Bible becomes the Word of God as it is read
- all people are elected in Christ.
- Basil the Great
- (c 330-379)
Basil the Great
- Bishop of Caesarea
- successor of Athanasius
- stated Trinity as one substance in three persons (hypostases)
- formula adopted at Council of Constantinople in 381
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bauer, Bruno
- (1809-1882)
- (ousia)
- German biblical critic and writer
- Taught at Berlin and Bonn, but he was condemned because he said the Gospels were only poetry.
- Hegelian
- Openly hated the Jews.
- See entries in
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Baur, Ferdinand Christian
- (1792-1860)
- German protestant theologian at University of Tübingen
- developed method of historical criticism: (Jewish interpretation under Peter) + (Greek interpretation under Paul) = (New Testament and Christian Church)
- denied authenticity of most of NT
- wrote Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bavinck, Herman
- (1854-1921)
Herman Bavinck
- Dutch Reformed theologian
- taught at Kampen and Free University of Amsterdam
- Wrote The Doctrine of God
- Baxter, Richard
- (1615-1691)
Richard Baxter
- English Anglican Puritan theologian
- persecuted as a Puritan
- wrote 100 books including:
- The Saint's Everlasting Rest
- The Reformed Pastor
- A Call to the Unconverted
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Beauvoir, Simone de
- (1908-1986)
Simone de Beauvoir
- female existential author
- Began modern feminist movement
- Wrote
- The Second Sex
- The Mandarins
- Bede, the Venerable
- (c 673-735)
the Venerable Bede
- English monk and historian
- wrote Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation
- used allegory in his sermons
- See entries in
- Beecher, Henry Ward
- (1813-1887)
Henry Ward Beecher
- US Congregational great liberal preacher
- pastored for 40 years in one church
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Beecher, Lyman
- (1775-1853)
Lyman Beecher
- US Congregational and Presbyterian preacher
- preached against social sins
- tried to drive out Unitarians
- President of Lane Seminary
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- BEHAVIORALISM
-
- See Behaviorism
- BEHAVIORISM
-
- The theory that all mental activity may be reduced to implicit behavior.
- Change the way a man behaves and you change how he thinks.
- BEING
-
- That which is
- In Plato, it refers to the classification concepts or the intelligible universal characteristics of things, the Ideas or Forms
- In Aristotle and scholasticism, it refers to particular existing and developing things and rational or conceptual being, i.e., true statements that have a mental existence as contents of minds.
- In Heidegger and the existentialists, it distinguishes between "being" (the thing as it is) and "Being" (the thing it will become)
- See
- Bellarmine, Robert Francis Romulus
- (1542-1621)
Robert Francis Romulus Bellarmine
- Jesuit theologian and saint
- established Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica as basis for Roman Catholic authority.
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bengel, Johann Albrecht
- (1687-1752)
Johann Albrecht Bengel
- German Lutheran
- Greek scholar
- wrote Gnomen of the New Testament
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bentham, Jeremy
- (1748-1832)
Jeremy Bentham, age 40
Jeremy Bentham, age 75
- Philosopher and jurist
- began to study Latin at the age of three
- at twelve, he was sent to Queen's College Oxford where his father, an attorney, hoped Jeremy would also become a lawyer and maybe Lord Chancellor of England
- Bentham, however, soon became disillusioned with the law, especially after hearing the lectures of the leading authority of the day, Sir William Blackstone (1723-80)
- Instead of practising the law, he decided to write about it, and he spent his life criticising the existing law and suggesting ways for its improvement
- His father's death in 1792 left him financially independent, and for nearly forty years he lived quietly in Westminster, producing between ten and twenty sheets of manuscript a day, even when he was in his eighties.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Berdyaev, Nicolai
- (1874-1948)
Nicolai Berdyaev
- Russian professor at Moscow, exiled in 1922
- Marxist
- returned to the Russian Orthodox Church
- stressed personal existence
- wrote
- The Beginning and the End
- the Destiny of Man
- The Russian Idea
- Bergson, Henri
- (1859-1941)
Henri Bergson
- French philosopher
- professor at College de France
- wrote
- Introduction to Metaphysics
- Bewusstseinstheologie
- Creative Evolution
- The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
- Pragmatic vitalism
- vital impetus (élan vital) in all creatures esp. mankind seen in morality and religion
- taught creative or emergent evolution where the élan vital within matter develops reality to new ends
- See Bergsonianism
- BERGSONIANISM
- A form of Intuitionism which states that intuition is the superior source of knowledge because it places the knower in a relationship of identification and intelligent sympathy with the thing known.
- Berkeley, George
- (1685-1753)
George Berkeley
- Pronounce his name as BARK-lee
- Irish theistic philosopher
- subjective idealist
- said material objects exist only as perceived by us
- also said, for these ideas to exist, God must exist
- refuted Deists
- wrote Alciphron
- See diagram of Berkeley's theory of reality.
- See entries in
theory of reality
- BERKELEYAN IDEALISM
- See Berkeleyanism
- BERKELEYANISM
-
- View of George Berkeley
- A form of Subjective Idealism
- Berkhof, Louis
- (1873-1957)
Louis Berkhof
- Calvinist
- professor of systematic theology and president of Calvin theological Seminary (1931-44)
- wrote
- History of Christian Doctrines
- Manual of Christian Doctrine
- Principles of Biblical Interpretation
- Systematic Theology
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- (c 1090-1153)
Bernard of Clairvaux
- French Cistercian monk
- mystic
- wrote hymns:
- "Jesus, Thou Joy of Loving Hearts"
- "Jesus the Very Thought of Thee"
- "O Sacred Head Now Wounded"
- Wrote
- Degrees of Humility and Pride
- Loving God
- Said "God is known so far as He is loved."
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bernardino of Siena
- (1380-1444)
Bernardino of Siena
- Italian Franciscan who founded 300 monasteries
- used open-air preaching
- Berridge, John
- (1716-1793)
- British Methodist
- itinerant preacher
- worked with George Whitefield and the Calvinistic Methodists
- Berthold of Regensburg
- (c 1210-1272)
- German Franciscan evangelistic open-air preacher
- preached popular sermons in German that consisted of simple moral teachings without doctrinal complications
- He drew vivid illustrations from the Old and New Testaments, filling his sermons with admonitions of social justice that defended the oppressed labourer against the harsh employers and masters
- His sermons are considered to be an essential contribution to the first flowering of German literature, and are quoted in every handbook of old prose for German students
- BEYONDNESS
- See Dimensional beyondness
- Beza, Theodore
- (1519-1605)
Theodore Beza
- Reformer
- trained in law
- taught Greek at Lausanne and Geneva
- discovered Codex Bezae
- successor to Calvin in Geneva
- advisor to French Huguenots
- took Calvinism one step beyond Calvin.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Biederwolf, William Edward
- (1867-1939)
William Edward Biederwolf
- US Presbyterian evangelist and author.
- Wrote Study of the Holy Spirit.
- Biel, Gabriel
- (c 1425-1495)
- German philosopher
- founded University of Tübingen
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bilney, Thomas
- (1495-1531)
- British pastor
- led Hugh Latimer to salvation
- martyred as a heretic
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Binney, Thomas
- (1798-1874)
Thomas Binney
- British Congregational pastored 40 years in one church in London.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Binning, Hugh
- (1627-1653)
- Scottish preacher
- His sermons can be found in the book: The Works of Reverend Hugh Binning.
- See entry at Hall of Fame
- BIOETHICS
- The study of ethical issues related to biological matters, particularly of human life. Also called biomedical ethics.
- Black, James
- (1879-1949)
- Scottish Presbyterian
- brother of Hugh
- wrote Mystery of Preaching
- Blackader, John
- (1623-1686)
- Scottish Presbyterian
- had a large congregation but ejected by the government
- became itinerant preacher but arrested and died in prison.
- Blackstone, William E.
- (1841-1935)
William E. Blackstone
- Methodist
- helped start Chicago Hebrew Mission
- supported Zionism
- has forest named after him in Israel
- wrote Jesus is Coming
- Blackwood, Andrew
- (1882-1968)
- US Presbyterian taught homiletics at Princeton
- wrote many books on preaching and pastoral duties
- Blair, Hugh
- (1718-1800)
- Scottish Presbyterian teacher of rhetoric
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Blake, William
- (1757-1827)
William Blake
- Mystical English poet and artist from whom Altizer derived Death of God theology.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bloch, Ernst
- (1885-1977)
Ernst Bloch
- German Marxist philosopher
- wrote The Principle of Hope which influenced Jürgen Moltmann's theology of hope
- Bloesch, Donald G.
-
Donald G. Bloesch
- Professor of theology emeritus at Dubuque Theological Seminary in Dubuque, Iowa
- did postdoctoral work at the universities of Oxford, Tübingen and Basel
- wrote
- Essentials of Evangelical Theology
- The Future of Evangelical Christianity
- The Struggle of Prayer and Freedom for Obedience
- A Theology of Word and Spirit - Authority and Method in Theology
- Blois
- See Peter of Blois
- Blondel, Maurice
- (1861-1949)
Maurice Blondel
- Roman Catholic professor in France
- wrote L'Action
- Action, not thought, is most important
- a man progresses by moving from self action to social action to moral action
- Boehler, Peter
- (1712-1775)
Peter Boehler
- a Moravian pastor and friend of John Wesley
- instrumental in Charles Wesley's conversion and later of John's conversion
- Boehme, Jakob
- (1575-1624)
Jakob Boehme
- German Lutheran mystic and theosophist.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus
- (480-524)
Boethius
- Used reason to support faith and tried to explain the Trinity by using Aristotle's philosophy
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- BOGOMILS
-
- a Medieval heretical group which came out of the Euchites and was prominent in Eastern Europe.
- They were dualistic, ascetic, held Sabellian view of Trinity; and rejected the sacraments.
- BOHEMIAN
- See John Hus
- BOHEMIAN BRETHREN
- see John Hus.
- Bohr, Niels
- (1885-1962)
Niels Bohr
- physicist known for Bohr's principle of complementarity
- See Uncertainty Principle
- his view of the structure of atoms resulted in a Nobel Prize for 1922.
- Click here for further pictures of Niels Bohr
- BOHR'S PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY
- see Uncertainty Principle
- Bonar, Andrew
- (1810-1892)
Andrew Bonar
- Scottish Presbyterian wrote The Memoirs and Remains of Robert Murray McCheyne and other devotional books.
- Bonar, Horatius
- (1808-1889)
Horatius Bonar
- Scottish Presbyterian preacher and hymnwriter
- wrote over 600 hymns
- Wrote God's Way of Holiness
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bonaventura
- See Bonaventure, Giovani
- Bonaventure, Giovani
- (1221-1274)
Giovani Bonaventure
- Italian Franciscan theologian and mystic
- rival of Aquinas
- used allegorical preaching
- called "The Seraphic Doctor"
- Wrote
- On the poverty of Christ, Life of St. Francis, Breviloquium
- Journey to the Mind of God
- Said that true knowledge comes only from the contemplation of the divine mystery.
- See entries in
- Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
- (1906-1945)
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
- German Lutheran pastor
- had mystical tendencies
- coined terms "cheap grace" and "religionless Christianity"
- a member of resistance against Nazis
- imprisoned 1943-1945 for plotting to kill Hitler
- hanged for treason
- wrote
- The Cost of Discipleship
- Ethics
- Creation and Fall
- Letters and Papers from Prison
- BONUM
- SeeSummum Bonum
- Booth, Catherine
- (1829-1890)
Catherine Booth
- Née: Catherine Mumford
- Had a strong religious and social emphasis before marrying William Booth
- helped found Salvation Army
- Booth, William
- (1829-1912)
William Booth
- Methodist minister
- wanted to meet needs of street people in London and began Salvation Army
- travelled about 8 million kms
- preached 60,000 sermons
- wrote In Darkest England
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bora, Katherine
- (1499-1552)
Katherine Bora
- Former nun
- wife of Martin Luther
- Bosanquet, Bernard
- (1848-1923)
Bernard Bosanquet
- British professor at St. Andrews
- held Absolute Idealism
- wrote
- The Principle of Individuality and Value
- The Value and Destiny of the Individual
- See entry in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Bossuet, Jacques Benigne
- (1627-1704)
Jacques Benigne Bossuet
- French Roman Catholic known for funeral sermons
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Boston, Thomas
- (1677-1732)
Thomas Boston
- Scottish Presbyterian pastor
- wrote Human Nature in its Fourfold State
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bourdaloue, Louis
- (1632-1704)
Louis Bourdaloue
- French Jesuit who preached to kings
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Boutroux, Emile
- (1845-1921)
Emile Boutroux
- French professor at Sorbonne
- wrote
- On the Contingency of the Laws of Nature
- Science and Religion in Contemporary Philosophy
- held to Philosophy of Spirit
- spirit is ultimate reality but not same as Hegelian thought
- man is not only a purely physical being but also a spiritual one
- all things (even inanimate things) have a kind of spiritual life of their own
- emphasized spirit as the agent of action, not thought
- strong empirical emphasis
- Bowen, William G.
-
William G. Bowen
- President of Princeton from 1972-88
- Bowie, Walter Russell
- (1882-1968)
Walter Russell Bowie
- US Episcopal pastor
- taught at Union Seminary and Virginia Seminary
- Bowne, Borden Parker
- (1847-1910)
- Professor at Boston
- liberal Methodist philosopher
- wrote
- The Essence of Religion
- Metaphysics
- Personalism
- Popularized personal idealism and emphasized the immanence of God
- Philosophy of Spirit
- spirit is ultimate reality but not same as Hegelian thought
- man is not only a purely physical being but also a spiritual one
- all things (even inanimate things) have a kind of spiritual life of their own
- emphasized on spirit as the agent of action, rather than merely thought
- strong empirical emphasis
- Bradford, John
- (1510-1555)
John Bradford
- British reformer
- each sermon contained 3 questions
- martyred
- His writings are contained in The Writings of John Bradford 2 vol.
- See entries at
- His Writings
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bradley, Francis Herbert
- (1846-1924)
Francis Herbert Bradley
- British professor at Merton College, Oxford
- wrote
- Appearance and Reality
- Essays on Truth and Reality
- Held Absolute Idealism.
- See entry in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Bradwardine, Thomas
- (1290-1349)
- Professor of divinity and mathematics at Oxford
- archbishop of Canterbury
- against Pelagianism
- emphasized God's grace and irresistible will
- died of Black Plague
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Brainerd, David
- (1718-1747)
David Brainerd
- US missionary to Indians
- famous for devotional diary
- See entry at Christian Hall of Fame
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bray, William "Billy"
- (1794-1868)
William Bray
- Welsh Methodist evangelist
- founded chapels
- See entry at Billy Bray Memorial Trust
- Brenz, Johann
- (1499-1570)
- German Reformer influenced by Martin Luther
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bridaine, Jacques
- (1701-1767)
- French Roman Catholic
- evangelistic preacher.
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bridgman, Percy William
- (1882-1962)
Percy William Bridgman
- American physicist
- In 1946, he received Nobel prize in physics for work with high pressures
- Wrote on operational analysis as a philosophical approach to physics
- Briggs, Charles Augustus
- (1841-1913)
C. A. Briggs
- liberal professor at Union Seminary in Virginia whose hiring caused problems in Presbyterian Church
- denied inspiration of Scripture
- first editor of International Critical Commentary series
- Wrote
- Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament
- Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Psalms
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Brightman, Edgar Sheffield
- (1884-1953)
Edgar Brightman
- Professor at Boston
- wrote The Problem of God
- Personalist philosopher
- held to finite view of God
- Philosophy of Spirit
- spirit is ultimate reality but not same as Hegelian thought
- man not only a purely physical being but also a spiritual one
- all things (even inanimate things) have a kind of spiritual life of their own
- emphasized spirit as the agent of action, rather than merely thought
- strong empirical emphasis
- Broadus, John Albert
- (1827-1895)
John Albert Broadus
- Southern Baptist
- wrote
- On the Preparation and Delivery of Sermons
- History of Preaching
- Bromiley, Geoffrey W.
-
- Prof. of church history and historical theology at Fuller
- Anglican
- wrote
- Introduction to Historical theology
- Introduction to the Theology of Karl Barth
- He is also the translator of
- Gerhard Kittel's Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
- Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics
- many works by Helmut Thielicke, Jacques Ellul, and other influential 20th-century theologians.
- Brookes, James H.
- (1830-1897)
- Presbyterian pastor in St. Louis, Missouri
- "converted" to pre-millennialism
- influenced Scofield
- wrote
- Maranatha
- Israel and the Church
- Is the Bible Inspired?
- Brooks, Phillips
- (1835-1889)
Phillips Brooks
- Episc. preacher who read his sermon from a manuscript
- wrote "O Little Town of Bethlehem"
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Brooks, Thomas
- (1608-1680)
- Nonconformist preacher
- Born into a Puritan family, he was sent to Emmanuel College, Cambridge
- He soon became an advocate of the Congregational way and served as a chaplain in the Civil War
- In 1648 he accepted the rectory of St. Margaret's, New Fish Street, London, but only after making his Congregational principles clear to the vestry.
- On several occasions he preached before Parliament.
- He was ejected in 1660 and remained in London as a Nonconformist preacher
- Government spies reported that he preached at Tower Wharf and in Moorfields
- During the Great Plague and Great Fire he worked in London, and in 1672 was granted a license to preach in Lime Street
- He wrote over a dozen books, most of which are devotional in character:
- Heaven on Earth
- Precious Remedies Against Satan's Devices
- Brow, Robert
-
Robert Brow
- taught theology at the Allahabad Bible Seminary
- became the first North India staff worker for the Union of Evangelical Students of India (Inter Varsity)
- He was ordained as an Anglican (Episcopal) priest in 1954, and he has served in parishes in India, England, Canada, Cyprus, and Abu Dhabi
- wrote several commentaries on the New Testament
- Brown, John "of Edinburgh"
- (1784-1858)
- Scottish professor of Theology
- wrote 8 commentaries
- grandson of celebrated "John Brown of Haddington"
- wrote
- Discourses and Saying of our Lord (1852)
- Expository Discourses on 1 Peter
- Galatians
- The Giving of the Law
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Brown, John "of Haddington"
- (1722-1787)
- Scottish pastor
- pastored one church for 36 years
- a gifted preacher, and prolific writer of theology
- taught himself Greek while working in the fields
- minister of the Secession Church
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Brown, J. Baldwin
- (1820-1884)
- English Non-conformist
- opposed the Calvinists
- Brown, Raymond
- (1928-1998)
Raymond Brown
- Roman Catholic NT scholar
- wrote Introduction to the New Testament
- Brown, William Adams
- (1865-1943)
- US Presbyterian liberal theologian
- taught at Union (NY)
- said doctrines come not from revelation but from experience.
- Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
- (1910-1990)
F. F. Bruce
- Conservative NT scholar
- taught at University of Manchester
- wrote
- The Canon of Scripture where some think he questioned the canon of Scripture and inerrancy
- The Hard Sayings of Jesus
- Jesus: Lord and Savior
- New Testament History
- Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free
- as well as several commentaries
- Brunner, Heinrich Emil
- (1889-1966)
- Swiss Reformed pastor and theologian
- professor at Zurich
- (with Barth) founded neo-orthodoxy
- wrote
- Man in Revolt (Christian Anthropology)
- The Divine Imperative (ethics)
- Christianity and Civilization
- The Mediator
- The Divine-Human Encounter
- Revelation and Reason
- Bruno, Giordano
- (1548-1600)
Giordano Bruno
- Italian philosopher
- See entries in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Buber, Martin
- (1878-1965)
Martin Buber
- professor at Frankfurt and Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jewish philosopher known for I-thou relationship
- wrote
- I and Thou
- Pointing the Way
- Bucer, Martin
- (1491-1551)
Martin Bucer
- (aka: Butzer)
- Lutheran Reformer
- tried to reconcile Luther and Zwingli on Lord's Supper debate
- emphasized Holy Spirit and His work
- helped in English Reformation
- See entry in
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Buchman, Frank
- (1878-1961)
Frank Buchman
- Lutheran pastor
- founder of Moral Rearmament or Oxford Group
- Bugenhagen, Johann
- (1485-1558)
- German Reformer
- assisted Luther in Bible translation.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bulgakov, Sergey Nikolayevich
- (1871-1944)
- Russian professor at Moscow and Simferopol
- wrote The Orthodox Church
- founded the Institute of Orthodox Theology in Paris
- concepts of sobornost and sophia
- Bulkeley, Peter
- (1583-1659)
Peter Bulkeley
- Puritan New England preacher
- opposed John Cotton's Calvinism.
- Bullinger, Johann Heinrich
- (1504-1575)
Johann Heinrich Bullinger
- Swiss Reformer
- influenced by Erasmus, Luther, and Melanchthon
- succeeded Zwingli
- helped write First and Second Helvetic Confessions
- opposed presbyterianism.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Bultmann, Rudolf
- (1884-1976)
Rudolf Bultmann
- German Lutheran
- NT professor at University of Marburg
- associate of Barth
- wrote
- Jesus Christ and Mythology
- History and Eschatology
- Primitive Christianity in Its Contemporary Setting
- Theology of the New Testament
- Jesus and the Word
- The Form of the Synoptic Tradition
- Kerygma and Myth.
- He applied Heidegger's existentialism to theology
- pioneer in form criticism of Gospels
- developed demythologization.
- Bunyan, John
- (1628-1688)
John Bunyan
- English Baptist Puritan
- self taught
- tinker by trade
- fought in Parliamentary army
- imprisoned for 12 years for preaching without a license
- wrote
- The Pilgrim's Progress from his prison cell at Bedford
- The Holy War
- Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Burchard, Samuel D.
- (1812-1891)
Samuel D. Burchard
- US Presbyterian served 40 years in one church
- declared that the Democratic Party was for "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" and thus put Grover Cleveland (Republican) into office.
- Burckhardt, Jacob
- (1818-1897)
Jacob Burckhardt
- wrote The Civilization of the Renaissance
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Buren, Paul Van
- (1924-1998)
- wrote The Secular Meaning of the Gospels.
- One of the leaders of Death of God movement.
- Burgh, William George de
- (1866-1943)
- professor at Reading
- wrote
- From Morality to Religion
- Ethical emphasized
- Philosophy of Spirit
- spirit is ultimate reality but not same as Hegelian thought
- man not only a purely physical being but also a spiritual one
- all things (even inanimate things) have a kind of spiritual life of their own
- emphasized spirit as the agent of action, rather than merely thought
- strong empirical emphasis
- Burnet, Gilbert
- (1643-1715)
Gilbert Burnet
- Church of Scotland and pastor and historian
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Burr, Aaron
-
Aaron Burr
- Second president of Princeton.
- Bushnell, Horace
- (1802-1876)
Horace Bushnell
- US Congregational theologian key founder of liberalism
- emphasized moral-influence view of atonement
- wrote Christian Nurture which was influential in Christian Education
- he pastored only one church all his life
- preached from a manuscript.
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
- Butler, Joseph
- (1692-1752)
Joseph Butler
- British bishop, theologian and apologist
- Wrote Analogy of Religion using empirical argument to defeat Deism
- natural religion is insufficient without complementary revelation
- probable truth of revealed religion is as strong as probable truth of natural religion.
- See entries in
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- See entry in 1911 Encyclopedia
