LESSON 19
AORIST and FUTURE PASSIVE VERBS

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Vocabulary

Greek	Meaning	Notes
ἐβλήθην	I was thrown	Aor. Pass. of βάλλω
ἐγενήθην	I became	Aor. Pass. of γίνομαι
ἐγνώσθην	I was known	Aor. Pass. of γινώσκω
ἐδιδάχθην	I was taught	Aor. Pass. of διδάσκω
ἐκηρύχθην	I was preached	Aor. Pass. of κηρύσω
ἐλήμφθην	I was taken	Aor. Pass. of λαμβάνω
ἐπορεύθην	I went	Aor. Pass. of πορεύομαι
ἠκούσθην	I was heard	Aor. Pass. of ἀκούω
ἐλείφθην	I was left	Aor. Pass. of λείπω
ἀπεστάλην	I was sent	Aor. Pass. of ἀποστέλλω
ἐγράφην	I was written	Aor. Pass. of γράφω
ὤφθην	I was seen	Aor. Pass. of βλέπω
διώκω	I follow, pursue, persecute
τρίβω	I rub
νέμω	dispense, divide, assign

First Aorist Passive

First aorist passive indicative of λύω

ἐλύθην	I was loosed	ἐλύθημεν	we were loosed
ἐλύθης	you were loosed	ἐλύθητε	you were loosed
ἐλύθη	he was loosed	ἐλύθησαν	they were loosed

1. The first aorist passive has an ending θη immediately after the stem.
2. Then the secondary endings follow: -ν, -ς, -, -μεν, -τε, -σαν
3. These are the secondary ACTIVE endings, but the voice is passive, meaning the subject is acted upon.
4. Although the Imperfect Active is translaated using "was/were," it is followed by a verb ending with "-ing."
   1. For example: He was hitting a man.
5. The Aorist passive is also translated using "was/were," but it is followed by a verb with a past tense (often -ed ending).
   1. For example: He was hit by a man.
   2. The word was preached.
6. If the stem ends in a vowel (like λυ- in λύω), then θη is added to the stem with no change.
7. If the stem ends in a consonant, then the following happens:
   1. ν drops out. E.g., κρίνω becomes ε + κρι + θη + ν = ἐκρίθην
   2. λ stays there. E.g., ἀγγέλλω becomes η + γγελ + θη + ν = ἠγγέλθην.
   3. ρ stays there. E.g., αἶρω becomes η + ρ + θη + ν = ἤρθην.
   4. μ adds an η to the stem. E.g., νέμω becomes ε + νεμ + η + θη + ν = ἐνεμήθην.
   5. γ is changed to χ. ἄγω becomes ἤχθην
   6. κ is changed to χ. διώκω becomes ἐδιώχθην.
   7. χ is retained. The true stem of διδάσκω is διδαχ- thus it becomes ἐδιδάχθην.
   8. π is changed to φ. λείπω becomes ἐλείφθην.
   9. β is changed to φ. τρίβω becomes ἐτρίφθην.
   10. τ, δ, θ are changed to σ. πείθω becomes ἐπείσθην.
   11. ζ, ξ, σ, ψ are changed into σ. βαπτίζω becomes ἐβαπτίσθην.
   12. Summary
       1. π, β, φ before θ = φθ
       2. κ, γ, χ before θ = χθ
       3. τ, δ, θ before θ = σθ

Second Aorist Passive

Second aorist passive indicative of ἀποστέλλω

ἀπεστάλην	I was sent	ἀπεστάλημεν	we were sent
ἀπεστάλης	you were sent	ἀπεστάλητε	you were sent
ἀπεστάλη	he was sent	ἀπεστάλησαν	they were sent

1. The second aorist passive is just like the first aorist passive except the θ is missing.
2. See the following verbs:
   1. ἀναγελω becomes ἀνηγγέλην
   2. ἀποστέλλω becomes ἀπεστάλην
   3. γράφω becomes ἐγράφην
   4. φαίνω becomes ἐφάνην
3. Some verbs like γράφω have the first aorist form in the active voice, but second aorist form in the passive voice.
4. Some verbs like λείπω have second aorist form in the active voice and first aorist form in the passive voice.

Aorist Passive function

1. They indicate finished action received by the subject in past time.
2. Note how verbs are translated using the passive forms
   1. Present passive: λύομαι = I am being loosed
   2. Imperfect passive: ἐλυόμην = I was being loosed
   3. Aorist passive: έλύθην = I was loosed.

Future Passive

Future passive of λύω

λυθήσομαι	I shall be loosed	λυθησόμεθα	we shall be loosed
λυθήσῃ	you will be loosed	λυθήσεσθε	you will be loosed
λυθήσεται	he will be loosed	λυθήσονται	they will be loosed

1. The future passive indicative is built on the aorist passive stem
2. It adds a σ to indicate future and then the primary middle/passive endings
3. Thus: λυθη + σ + ομαι = λυθήσομαι
4. The function of the future passive indicates action to be received by the subject in future time.
5. Most of the time the action is punctiliar, but the context may reveal that it is linear (on-going) action.
6. Deponent verbs vary in the aorist and future passive.
   1. Some deponent verbs have passive forms.
   2. For example: ἀποκρίνομαι in the aorist passive is ἀπεκρίθην = I answered.
   3. Some deponent verbs have both passive and middle forms in the aorist.
   4. For example γίνομαι can appear as ἐγενόμην (a middle form) or as ἐγενήθην (a passive form).
   5. Both forms should be translated as I became.
   6. There is no difference in function.
7. Note the following:

Tense	ACTIVE	MIDDLE	PASSIVE
Present	λύω = I am loosing	λύομαι = I loose myself	λύομαι = I am being loosed
Imperfect	ἔλυον = I was loosing	ἐλυὀμην = I was loosing myself	ἐλυόμην = I was being loosed
Future	λὐσω = I shall loose	λὐσομαι = I shall loose myself	λυθήσομαι = I shall be loosed
Aorist	ἔλυσα = I loosed	ἐλυσάμην = I loosed myself	ἐλύθην = I was loosed

Translate the following:

1. ἐδιδάχθητε ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων τοῦ κυρίου.
2. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ οἱ νεκροὶ ἐγερθήσονται ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ θεοῦ.
3. ταῦτα ἐγράφα ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς.
4. οὗτοι οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ συνήχθησαν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ προφήτου.
5. νῦν μὲν πέμπονται οἱ μαθηταί, τότε δὲ ἐπέμφθησαν καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι.
6. διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ χριστοῦ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἐσώθησαν καὶ ἐγενήθησαν μαθηταὶ τοῦ κυρίου.
7. ἐπορεύθημεν εἰς ἕτερον τόπον, ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ οὐκ ἐδέξαντο ἡμᾶς.
8. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις, καὶ κηρυχθήσεται καὶ νῦν.
9. ἡ φωνὴ ἠκούσθη καὶ ὁ ἀπόστολος ἀπεστάλη εἰς τὸν κόσμον.
10. τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν πρῶτός εἰμι, καὶ δὲ ἐγὼ ἐσώθην τῇ ἀγάπῃ τοῦ θεοῦ.
11. εἰσῆλθες εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἐβαπτίσθης.
12. ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις ἀκουσθήσεται ὁ λόγος τῆς εἰρήνης.

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